LBNL Physics Division Research Progress Meetings

Xiaosheng Huang (USF) "Strong Gravitational Lenses Discovered in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys"
2021-05-06 16:00 - 17:00 UTC | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
ABSTRACT:We have discovered over 1500 new strong lensing candidates in the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Legacy Imaging Surveys using residual neural networks. The photometric redshifts of the candidate lenses are broadly distributed between 0.1 and 1. Follow-up observations are underway. Our Hubble Space Telescope SNAP program has confirmed all 47 of the candidates observed so far and our DESI Secondary Targets program for Year 1 will likely observe ∼400 candidate systems. This sample will enable unprecedented tests of the cold dark matter model, e.g., by measuring the redshift evolution of the dark matter concentration and density profile slope. Furthermore, based on DESI spectra, an optimal set of systems can be selected for a targeted search for multiply-lensed supernovae, which can be used to determine the Hubble constant. Both objectives are highly complementary to the science goals of the DESI experiment.

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Valerie Domcke (CERN) "Cosmology with Axion-Like Particles"
2021-05-25 12:30 - 13:30 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
ABSTRACT:

Axion-like particles may play a key role in early universe cosmology. They are naturally equipped with the right properties to explain cosmic inflation, can dynamically explain the smallness of the electroweak scale, may be involved in the generation of the matter antimatter asymmetry and are promising dark matter candidates. In this talk I discuss a generic but previously overlooked particle particle production mechanism, resulting in the dual production of gauge fields and fermions induced by axion-like particles. I will discuss how this crucially impacts all of the cosmological scenarios mentioned above and may be probed with upcoming gravitational wave detectors.

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Mike Williams (MIT) Searching for physics beyond the Standard Model at the LHCb experiment
2021-05-27 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
Abstract:
The LHCb experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN has been the world’s premier laboratory for studying processes in which the quark types (or flavors) change since 2011. Such processes are highly sensitive to quantum-mechanical contributions from as-yet-unknown particles, e.g. supersymmetric particles, even those that are too massive to produce at the LHC. I will discuss the status of these searches, including some intriguing anomalies. I will also present searches for the proposed dark matter analogs of the photon and the Higgs boson. Planned future upgrades and the resulting physics prospects will also be discussed, including our plans to process the full 5 terabytes per second of LHCb data in real time in the next LHC run.
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Julien Guy (LBNL)
2021-06-03 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720

Gaia Lanfranchi (INFN)
2021-06-17 12:00 - 13:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720

J. Pedro Ochoa-Ricoux (UCI)"TBA"
2021-06-24 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
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Pedro Ochoa-Ricoux (UCI) "JUNO: a 20 kton Multi-Purpose Observatory for Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics"
2021-06-24 16:00 - 17:00 | ca
Abstract:
The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a multi-purpose neutrino detector under construction in China. With a 20 kton neutrino target, and an energy resolution of 3% at 1 MeV, it will be the largest and most precise liquid scintillator detector ever constructed. By studying the disappearance of antineutrinos emitted from 8 nuclear reactors at a strategic baseline of about 53~km, JUNO will determine the neutrino mass ordering to ~3σ significance within 6 years of running and will measure 3 neutrino oscillation parameters to sub-percent precision. JUNO will also study neutrinos from a variety of natural sources, such as the Earth, the Sun, and supernova explosions, and will deploy a satellite detector called JUNO-TAO that will measure the energy spectrum of reactor antineutrinos with unprecedented precision. The experiment is currently under construction, and completion is expected by 2022. JUNO’s physics prospects will be discussed in this talk alongside its ambitious design and current status.

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Anna Porredon (Ohio State University) "Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results from Galaxy Clustering and Weak Lensing"
2021-07-22 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
ABSTRACT:

The cosmological information extracted from photometric surveys is more robust when multiple probes of the large-scale structure of the universe are used. Two of the most sensitive probes are galaxy clustering and weak lensing. I will present cosmological results from the Dark Energy Survey first three years of observations combining those two probes, using an optimized lens sample of 11 million galaxies for the clustering measurements. The shear catalog used for weak lensing contains more than 100 million galaxies, constituting the largest dataset to date of this kind. I will show how we optimized the selection of this lens sample in terms of the forecasted cosmological constraints. Last, I will explain how we validated the analysis to deliver robust cosmological constraints.

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Anya Butter (Heidelberg University) "Big Data Techniques for Precision Simulations and Optimal Observables"
2021-09-23 12:00 - 13:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
ABSTRACT:
Over the next years, measurements at the LHC and the HL-LHC will provide us with a wealth of data. The best hope of answering fundamental questions like the nature of dark matter, is to adopt big data techniques in simulations and analyses to extract all relevant information.
On the theory side, LHC physics crucially relies on our ability to simulate events efficiently from first principles. In the coming LHC runs, these simulations will face unprecedented precision requirements to match the experimental accuracy. Innovative ML techniques like generative models can help us overcome limitations from the high dimensionality of the parameter space. Such networks can be employed within established simulation tools or as part of a new framework.

At the analysis level, machine learning methods have already shown impressive performance boosts for instance in top tagging and jet calibration. While neural networks offer an attractive way to numerically encode functions, actual formulas remain the language of theoretical particle physics. Symbolic regression trained on matrix-element information provides optimal LHC observables in an easily interpretable form.

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Talk Recording Link:
Anja Butter (Heidelburg U.) Talk

Nedaa Alexandra Asbah (Harvard) "Evidence of the Four-Top-Quark Production at the LHC"
2021-09-30 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
ABSTRACT:
A summary of the latest results on the evidence of the four-top-quark production using proton-proton collision data at a centre of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider with an integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1. Events are selected if they contain a same-sign lepton (electron or a muon) pair or at least three leptons (2lSS/3l) or a single lepton or an opposite-sign lepton pair (1l/2lOS). A multivariate technique is used to discriminate between signal and background events in the signal rich regions.
The combined four top-quark production cross section is measured to be 24 +7/−6 fb, with a corresponding observed (expected) signal significance of 4.7 (2.6) standard deviations over the background-only
predictions. It is consistent within 2.0 standard deviations with the Standard Model expectation of 12.0 ± 2.4 fb.
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Talk Recording Link:
Nedaa Alexandra Asbah (Harvard) Talk

Kendall Mahn (Michigan State University) "Results from T2K and the current landscape of neutrino oscillation"
2021-10-07 12:00 - 13:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
Abstract:
Neutrinos are a tiny subatomic particle with surprising properties under active study. In particular, neutrinos oscillate, that is, they convert from one type of neutrino to another, is a surprising phenomenon under active study. The origin of neutrino mass is important for astrophysics, cosmology and particle physics, and many open questions surrounding neutrino oscillation exist. The Tokai-to-Kamioka (T2K) neutrino oscillation experiment sends a beam of muon flavor neutrinos or antineutrinos 295km across Japan. This seminar will discuss the state of the field of neutrino oscillation physics, including recent results from T2K, and T2K’s exciting future program.

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Talk Video Recording:
Kendall Mahn (Michigan State University) Talk

Christian Bauer (LBNL) "Quantum computing for High Energy Physics"
2021-10-14 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
ABSTRACT:
I will review the Quantum Computing efforts in the Physics division, with the goal of allowing to calculate important properties of the Standard Model non-perturbatively and ultimately to simulate scattering at colliders from first principles. I will present several results, both on physics simulations and on noise mitigation, which is crucial to obtain results on near-term devices.

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Derun Li (LBNL) "Overview of the Muon Collider challenges and R&D Progress under the US Muon Accelerator Program (MAP)"
2021-10-21 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
Abstract:

There is an increasingly growing interest in Muon Collider in High Energy Physics community and Snowmass 2021. Considerable progresses have been made under the US Muon Accelerator Program (MAP) to target technical challenges associated with Muon Collider. The US MAP was recommended for termination by P5 in 2014, and all relavent R&D efforts and international MICE commitment officially ended in 2018. I will give an overview of the US MAP efforts on Muon Collider, technical challenges and progresses, in particular Berkeley Lab’s role and major contributions for Muon Collider R&D and international MICE. At the end, I would like to give an outlook of Muon Collider R&D and lessons learned from the US MAP and international MICE.

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Laura Jeanty (Oregon) "Perspectives from Run 2: Status and Outlook for Supersymmetry Searches at the LHC"
2021-10-28 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
ABSTRACT:
The second run of the LHC, from 2015-2018, produced an unprecedented trove of data in which the ATLAS and CMS collaborations have been searching for evidence of new particles and new phenomena. Supersymmetry remains one of the most promising theories for new physics accessible at the LHC which could address outstanding questions in particle physics, from why the Higgs Boson has the mass that it does to the particle nature of dark matter. As beam returns now to the LHC for the first time since 2018 and the start of Run 3 is around the corner, this talk will take a moment to summarize the status of searches for supersymmetry by the ATLAS and CMS experiments. The talk will highlight the Run 2 perspective on supersymmetry, with a focus on the experimental constraints, and will discuss some of the well-motivated ways in which it could have evaded detection thus far. The talk will conclude with an outlook for future searches.

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Caterina Vernieri (Stanford) "A "Cool" Route to Unveil the Higgs Boson’s Secrets"
2021-11-09 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
ABSTRACT:
The Higgs boson was discovered in 2012 by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the world’s most powerful particle collider, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Geneva, Switzerland. This particle plays a unique role in fundamental physics. It gives all of the known elementary particles, including itself, their masses. While we now have a strong evidence that the Higgs field is indeed the unique source of mass for the known elementary particles, the next step is to search for new interactions that could also explain why the Higgs field has the properties required by the Standard Model of particle physics. We have no clear roadmap to this new theory but the Higgs boson plays a crucial role in this quest. This talk highlights the current experimental results of Higgs boson couplings to other particles and its self-coupling at the LHC and perspectives at future colliders. The goal of a next-generation collider is to carry out precision measurements to per-cent level of the Higgs boson properties that are not accessible at the LHC. The exploitation of the complementarity between LHC and future colliders will be the key to understanding fundamentally the Higgs boson. The Cool Copper Collider (C^3) is a new concept for linear e+e- collider that could provide a rapid route to precision Higgs physics with a compact footprint.
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Emily Ann Thompson (DESY) "The Quest For Long-Lived Particles: Searching For Displaced Vertices and Tracking in the Trigger"
2021-11-18 12:00 - 13:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
Abstract:
The existence of long-lived particles (LLPs) is a common feature in many theories beyond the Standard Model. For example, models with small couplings (i.e. R-parity-violating supersymmetry) and models with compressed mass spectra (i.e. co-annihilating dark matter) predict the presence of LLPs. With lifetimes ranging from picoseconds to nanoseconds, massive LLPs could decay to several electrically charged particles in the inner tracking volume of the ATLAS detector, resulting in the reconstruction of a displaced secondary vertex. Integrating tracking information into the trigger at an early stage is critical to enhancing the sensitivity of future searches for LLPs with displaced track signatures. The ATLAS Fast TracKer (FTK) aimed to achieve this by performing global, hardware-based track finding at a trigger rate of 100 kHz.
In this talk, searches for new long-lived massive particles leaving a displaced vertex signature in the ATLAS inner detector with the full Run-2 dataset are presented. Furthermore, the FTK system is presented and its application to LLP searches is discussed.

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Dominique Trischuk (University of British Columbia) "Displaced Vertex Search for Heavy Neutral Leptons with the ATLAS Detector"
2021-11-22 15:00 - 16:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
Abstract:
This seminar will present recent results of a search for long-lived heavy neutral leptons (HNLs) in proton-protoncollisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics is an extremely successful theory and its major predictions have been precisely confirmed. However, the existence of neutrinos, with small nonzero masses, provides evidence that the SM is incomplete. Introducing HNLs into the SM is a natural wayto generate the light neutrino masses through a seesaw mechanism. This search uses 139 fb -1 of ATLAS experimental data collected between 2015 and 2018 at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. A non-standard techniqueis used to search for a displaced vertex from particle trajectories produced in the HNL decay to leptons. The dominant background from uncorrelated leptons crossing in the ATLAS detector is estimated using an objectshuffling method. The reconstructed HNL mass is used to discriminate between signal and background. No excessof events is observed and constraints on the strength of the interactions between HNLs and neutrinos are imposed in various scenarios.
This seminar will conclude with a presentation of methods used to study the detector performance and readout system of the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk). The LHC is currently undergoing upgrades that will enable it to produce more than ten times the data that has already been collected. To meet the requirements of this challenging new environment, an all-silicon particle tracking system will be installed in ATLAS.

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Oliver H.E. Philcox (Princeton) " Large Scale Structure Beyond the 2-Point Function"
2021-11-23 12:00 - 13:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
Abstract:
Quantum fluctuations in inflation provide the seeds for the large scale distribution of matter today. According to the standard paradigm, these fluctuations induce density perturbations that are Gaussian distributed. In this limit, all the information is contained within the pairwise distribution of galaxies, usually represented by a power spectrum. Today, the distribution of matter is far from Gaussian, with structures forming across a vast range of scales. To date, almost all spectroscopic analyses have used only the two-point function. This begs the question: can we extract more information using higher-point statistics?

In this seminar, I will present a pedagogical overview of the leading-order non-Gaussian statistics, and demonstrate how they can be used both to sharpen constraints on known physical parameters, and to provide stringent tests of new physics occurring in the early Universe. One of the major barriers to constraining cosmology from the higher-point functions is computational: measuring the statistics with conventional techniques is infeasible for current and future datasets. I will discuss new methods capable of reducing the computational cost by orders of magnitude, and show how this facilitates a number of exciting new tests of the cosmological model. Such techniques are already being applied to data from BOSS; the corresponding pipelines can be simply reapplied to DESI data, and will lead to sharper parameter constraints without additional observing time.

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Robin Hayes (University of British Columbia; Canada) “Probing the Standard Model Through Measurements of the Higgs Boson with the ATLAS Detector”
2021-11-30 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
Abstract:
As the most recently-discovered particle of the Standard Model (SM), the Higgs boson plays a key role in the quest to deepen our understanding of fundamental physics. Measurements of its production cross-sections probe for disagreement with the SM that might hint at signs of new physics. I will present recent measurements of gluon fusion (ggF) and vector boson fusion (VBF) Higgs production in the H->WW*->evuv decay channel, using data from the ATLAS detector at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These measurements are challenging due to the high-background environment, where on average fewer than one in one billion proton-proton collisions produces Higgs bosons. I will discuss novel analysis techniques and improvements that allow the first observation of the H->WW* process in the VBF channel and precise measurements of Higgs boson cross-sections in important kinematic regions. As preparations for the next LHC runs continue, I will lay out further ways in which the current and future LHC datasets can be exploited to creatively test the SM through Higgs physics.

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Boryana Hadzhiyska (Harvard) "Uncovering physics from Stage-IV cosmological experiments with accurate galaxy models"
2021-12-01 12:00 - 13:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
Abstract:
Over the next few years, cutting-edge cosmological experiments such as DESI, Rubin and CMB-S4 will provide an exquisite probe of the accelerated expansion of the Universe, structure formation, and general relativity, and thus bring us closer to revealing the nature of dark energy, dark matter, inflation and neutrinos. One of the most critical issues with these experiments will be the connection between observed galaxies and the underlying matter field. My research program offers a viable path for constructing accurate models of the galaxy-matter connection and applying them to observational analysis, with the goal of recovering the missing pieces of our cosmological model. In particular, I will share my contributions to the development of state-of-the-art cosmological simulations and analysis tools and propose readily reachable goals for extracting cosmological information from the ongoing DESI and CMB experiments. Future breakthroughs will likely be the product of collaborative efforts across all of cosmology, galaxy formation and particle physics. My broad-scaled research proposal will bring together diverse ideas and aid LBNL science goals at the crossroads of cosmological discovery.
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Brendon Aurele Bullard (Harvard) “Toward Precision Measurements of the Higgs Yukawa Couplings”
2021-12-02 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
Abstract:
With the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012, high energy physics has entered an era in which all fundamental particles predicted by the Standard Model have been observed. With no conclusive observations of physics beyond the Standard Model, precision tests of the properties of the Higgs boson are key to find indications of new physics. I will discuss the program of precision measurements of the Higgs Yukawa coupling strengths with the ATLAS experiment, focusing on those of the muon and top quark. I will give an overview of the search for Higgs decays in the dimuon channel with an emphasis on the novel use of quark/gluon tagging in an ATLAS Higgs measurement. Secondly, I will present the status and outlook for the joint measurement of ttW and ttH production in multi-lepton final states with an emphasis on ttW modeling, fake lepton estimation, and profile-likelihood unfolding. Finally, I will discuss the importance of the High Luminosity LHC for these physics goals in terms of sensitivity projections and the extension of tracking instrumentation provided by the ATLAS ITk upgrade.

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Miao HU (MIT) “Vector Boson Scattering in the Post-Higgs-Boson-Discovery Era”
2021-12-07 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
Abstract:
The observation of a Higgs boson with a mass of about 125 GeV confirmed the nature of the electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) predicted by the standard model of particle physics, establishing that the W and Z gauge bosons acquire their mass via the Higgs mechanism. However, the discovered Higgs boson might not be the lone player responsible for EWSB. Further insights into the Higgs and the gauge bosons mutual- and self-couplings can be obtained from measurements of vector boson scattering (VBS) processes.
In this talk, I will present the study of same-sign WW, WZ, and ZZ boson pair productions in association with two jets with data collected by the CMS detector. The effort led to the most precise measurement of the EW same-sign WW cross section to date and the first experimental observation of the EW WZ production. It also formed the basis for the first measurements of the polarized VBS. Interpretations beyond the standard model, including the constraints on the structure of quartic vector boson interactions in the framework of effective field theory, will also be discussed.

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Maria Mironova (Oxford) “First Direct Constraint on the Higgs-Charm Coupling and its Expected Evolution with the ATLAS Detector Upgrade”
2021-12-08 12:00 - 13:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
Abstract:
The coupling of the Higgsboson to charm quarks has eluded experimental observation since the Higgs boson discovery in 2012. At present, this is the largest contribution to possibleHiggs boson decays that is not experimentally verified. However, this measurement is crucial to shed light on the fundamental coupling of the Higgs boson to second-generation quarks. This seminar highlights the recent search for Higgs boson decays into a pair of charm quarks, produced in association with a vector boson, using the data collected by the ATLAS detector between 2015 and 2018.This measurement sets the first direct limit on the Higgs boson coupling to charm quarks
With the upgrade to High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), a significant improvement to this measurement is expected due to the increased size of the dataset as well as the upgrade of the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk). A new pixel detector system will improve resolution, increasing the identification efficiency of charm quarks. However, the detector will have to cope with higher data rates and withstand higher levels of radiation. The ITk pixel upgrade, particularly the characterisation of the pixel readout chips, and the expected precision of the measurement of the Higgs boson coupling to charm quarks at the HL-LHC are discussed.

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Vetri Velan (UC Berkeley) “The Present and Future of Dark Matter Direct Detection”
2021-12-09 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
Abstract:
Dark matter is one of the primary unsolved problems in modern particle physics. Since the late 1980s, physicists have been trying to directly detect dark matter particles passing through the Earth, typically by searching for nuclear recoils. This search has been unsuccessful so far, but I will discuss recent advancements and upcoming technologies that offer a promising path forward. First, I will present xenon time projection chambers, including the LUX and LUX-ZEPLIN experiments, as the best strategy for detecting Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs). I will explain how understanding energy deposition in liquid xenon allows us to test the remaining WIMP parameter space, and I will discuss recent data-driven and simulation-driven advancements in this field. Second, I will discuss calorimetry as a tool for probing dark matter models below the WIMP scale, with masses on the order of 1-1000 MeV/c2. I will describe the TESSERACT project, using transition-edge sensors to achieve unprecedented sensitivity to a variety of dark matter interactions.

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Field Rose Rogers (MIT) "The GAPS Antarctic Balloon Experiment: Low-energy Antinuclei for Dark Matter Detection"
2021-12-14 16:00 - 17:00 | ca
Abstract:

Despite overwhelming evidence of abundant dark matter in the Universe, the nature of this material remains a mystery. The General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS) is an upcoming NASA Antarctic balloon mission to search for signatures of dark matter annihilation or decay in the fluxes of low-energy (<0.25 GeV/n) cosmic antinuclei. GAPS will produce a precision cosmic antiproton spectrum extending to an unexplored low-energy regime, with sensitivity to light dark matter models, primordial black holes, and cosmic-ray propagation. GAPS will also either provide the first unambiguous detection of a cosmic-ray antideuteron or exclude the viable dark matter models that predict a low-energy antideuteron flux orders of magnitude above the astrophysical background. To identify these rare low-energy antinuclei while rejecting the abundant positive- nucleus backgrounds, GAPS pioneers a novel exotic atom-based particle identification technique, which relies on a system of >10 m2 of large-area high-temperature lithium-drifted silicon (Si(Li)) detectors. I will discuss the GAPS science program, with a special emphasis on the exotic atom method of particle identification and the Si(Li) detectors that are central to its success.

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Afroditi Papadopolou (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Lepton-Nucleus Scattering Constraints For Neutrino Interactions And Oscillations
2021-12-16 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
Abstract:
Neutrinos exist in one of three types or “flavors” (νe ,νµ or ντ ), which oscillate from one to another when propagating through space. This phenomenon is one of the few that cannot be described using the Standard Model of particle physics and its study can thus provide new insight into the nature of our universe. As neutrinos interact only via the weak force, they are experimentally detected only following their interactions with atomic nuclei. Our understanding of such interactions is crucial for measuring neutrino oscillations. In this talk I will review key open questions in the study of neutrino oscillations that drive the need for improved understanding of neutrino-nucleus interactions. I will then present our studies of such interactions using both neutrino and electron beams with the MicroBooNE and CLAS detectors and their impact on next-generation high-precision neutrino oscillation measurements with the DUNE and Hyper-Kamiokande experiments.

http://physics.lbl.gov/rpm/index.php/events/

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Alissa Monte (UCSB) "Using Active Vetoes and Hydrogen Doping to Strengthen Dark Matter Discovery Potential with Xenon"
2022-02-03 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
Alissa Monte (UCSB) “Using Active Vetoes and Hydrogen Doping to Strengthen Dark Matter Discovery Potential with Xenon”
Abstract: The fact that 85% of the gravitating mass in the universe is invisible is one of the biggest unsolved mysteries in fundamental physics today. If this dark matter was not present, galaxies would fly apart and the universe would not develop the right amount of structure at the right time for you to exist and attend this RPM. Despite its abundance, dark matter has yet to be directly detected in experiments on Earth. Why? The possible mass range for a dark matter particle extends from a fraction of the proton mass to the mass of a typical protein, and these particles are thought to interact very weakly with normal matter. In fact, potential dark matter interactions summed over the lifetime of a direct detection experiment would be swamped by the radioactivity of a single banana. I will talk about the future of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment with a focus on its veto systems, which will be critical to ensure the quality of a future detection or to set the strongest limits possible. I will also talk about an exciting new idea to increase the sensitivity of LZ to low mass dark matter and spin-dependent interactions by doping its xenon with a light element like hydrogen. Finally, I will motivate the need for active veto systems and hydrogen-capable cryogenics in a future G3 detector.

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RPM - Physics Division | Aaron Manalaysay (LBNL) "Xe: The Element Designed to Detect Dark Matter"
2022-02-10 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
Abstract:
Despite nearly four decades of direct searches, the identity of dark matter in the universe is still unknown. The hunt for dark matter is especially alluring because, not only is this abundant substance extremely elusive, it also holds promise: we must invoke physics beyond the Standard Model to explain its existence. The search for the WIMP, one of the most popular and well-motivated candidates for dark matter, has been dominated by experiments that utilize liquid xenon. I will explain exactly how and why this detection medium has become so important and so versatile in this search. LBNL has been at the center of this work, with the former world-leading LUX experiment and as the lead-lab of the current LZ experiment. I will discuss the design and construction of LZ, its present, and an idea for its future in which its sensitivity to low-mass dark matter is greatly enhanced by doping the Xe.

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Scott Kravitz (LBNL) "Pushing Dark Matter Detection to the Limit with Machine Learning and Solid Xenon"
2022-02-15 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
Abstract:
Discovering the particle properties of dark matter is a global undertaking, necessitating many experimental approaches to cover the vast range of possible models. Massive particles such as WIMPs remain leading candidates, and may be within the reach of state-of-the-art direct detection experiments such as the recently-commissioned xenon-based LZ detector. I will present efforts to use machine learning in xenon detectors to improve data quality, reduce backgrounds, make analysis faster and more flexible, and expand the range of physics models that LZ can effectively probe. Looking beyond this generation of experiments, continued improvement in dark matter sensitivity at the current rate is likely to require more creative solutions than simply increasing detector size. In the second part of my talk, I will discuss the possibilities for upgrading LZ after its completion, including using the novel solid xenon time projection chamber technology I have helped develop, to achieve an experiment where solar neutrinos form the dominant background.

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Kirit Karkare (U.Chicago) "Pushing the Limits of Cosmology with Next-Generation Millimeter-Wave Telescopes"
2022-02-24 16:00 - 17:00 | Zoom Talk, 50A-5132, Berkeley, ca, 94720
ABSTRACT:
While the Lambda-CDM cosmological model is remarkably effective at describing the Universe and its evolution as a whole, foundational questions remain. Where did the primordial fluctuations come from and why were they so uniform? What is causing the present-day accelerated expansion? What is the mass of the neutrino? Maps of large-scale structure at different epochs can address these questions. I will present the latest results from the BICEP/Keck cosmic microwave background experiment, which is searching for B-mode polarization from an inflationary expansion at the earliest moments of time. I will focus on my work calibrating the instrument and controlling systematics, and how current experiments are informing the design of the future CMB-S4 experiment which will test large classes of physically-motivated inflation models. I will then discuss mm-wave line intensity mapping — a new cosmological probe for measuring large-scale structure well into the first billion years of the Universe — and how future instruments using on-chip spectrometers such as SPT-SLIM could transform our understanding of cosmological physics.

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